Molecular Epidemiology of Giardia, Blastocystis and Cryptosporidium among Indigenous Children from the Colombian Amazon Basin.

The incidence and prevalence of intestinal parasites in children is most likely due to lack of natural or acquired resistance and differences in behavior and habits closely related to environmental and socioeconomic determinants. The most important protozoa that parasitize humans are Giardia, Entamoeba, Blastocystis, and Cryptosporidium. These parasites present wide intraspecific genetic diversity and subsequently classified into assemblages and subtypes. The Amazon basin is the largest in the world and is the fifth freshwater reserve on the planet. Contradictorily, people living in these areas (Indigenous populations) have poor quality of life, which favors the infection of diseases of fecal-oral transmission. The aim of this work was to unravel the molecular epidemiology of Giardia, Blastocystis and Cryptosporidium across four communities (Puerto Nariño, San Juan del Soco, Villa Andrea and Nuevo Paraíso). We obtained 284 fecal samples from children under 15 years old that were analyzed by direct microscopy (261 samples) and Real Time PCR (qPCR) (284 samples). The positive samples for these protozoa were further characterized by several molecular markers to depict assemblages and subtypes. We observed a frequency of Giardia infection by microscopy of 23.7% (62 samples) and by qPCR of 64.8% (184 samples); for Blastocystis by microscopy of 35.2% (92 samples) and by qPCR of 88.7% (252 samples) and for Cryptosporidium only 1.9% (5 samples) were positive by microscopy and qPCR 1.8% (5 samples). Regarding the Giardia assemblages, using the glutamate dehydrogenase (gdh) marker we observed AI, BIII and BIV assemblages and when using triose phosphate isomerase (tpi) we observed assemblages AI, AII, BIII and BIV. In contrast, Blastocystis STs detected were 1, 2, 3, 4, and 6. Lastly, the species C. viatorum, C. hominis (with the subtypes IdA19 and IaA12R8) and C. parvum (with the subtype IIcA5G3c) were identified. We observed a high profile of zoonotic transmission regarding the Giardia assemblages and Blastocystis STs/alleles. Also, we highlight the elevated frequency of infection by these two protozoans suggesting an active transmission in the area. Our findings reinforces the need to deploy better epidemiological surveillance systems for enteric pathogens in the area.

Clinical and Parasitological Features of Patients with American Cutaneous Leishmaniasis that Did Not Respond to Treatment with Meglumine Antimoniate.

BACKGROUND: American cutaneous leishmaniasis (ACL) is a complicated disease producing about 67.000 new cases per year. The severity of the disease depends on the parasite species; however in the vast majority of cases species confirmation is not feasible. WHO suggestion for ACL produced by Leishmania braziliensis, as first line treatment, are pentavalent antimonial derivatives (Glucantime or Sodium Stibogluconate) under systemic administration. According to different authors, pentavalent antimonial derivatives as treatment for ACL show a healing rate of about 75% and reasons for treatment failure are not well known. METHODS: In order to characterise the clinical and parasitological features of patients with ACL that did not respond to Glucantime, a cross-sectional observational study was carried out in a cohort of 43 patients recruited in three of the Colombian Army National reference centers for complicated ACL. Clinical and paraclinical examination, and epidemiological and geographic information were recorded for each patient. Parasitological, histopathological and PCR infection confirmation were performed. Glucantime IC50 and in vitro infectivity for the isolated parasites were estimated. RESULTS: Predominant infecting Leishmania species corresponds to L. braziliensis (95.4%) and 35% of the parasites isolated showed a significant decrease in in vitro Glucanatime susceptibility associated with previous administration of the medicament. Lesion size and in vitro infectivity of the parasite are negatively correlated with decline in Glucantime susceptibility (Spearman: r = (-)0,548 and r = (-)0,726; respectively). CONCLUSION: A negative correlation between lesion size and parasite resistance is documented. L. braziliensis was found as the main parasite species associated to lesion of patients that underwent treatment failure or relapse. The indication of a second round of treatment in therapeutic failure of ACL, produced by L. braziliensis, with pentavalent antimonial derivatives is discussable.

Implementación y evaluación de una estrategia combinada de educación en salud y quimioterapia masiva para el control de las geohelmintiasis, en una zona rural de Colombia / Implementation and evaluation of a combined strategy using health education and massive chemotherapy to control geohelminthiasis in a rural zone in Colombia

Introducción: Las geohelmintiasis son infecciones prevalentes en los países en vía de desarrollo, que afectan principalmente a la población escolar. Las estrategias de control que combinan quimioterapia masiva con educación en salud, pueden producir reducciones significativas de estas infecciones, sostenibles en el tiempo. En este estudio se implementó y evaluó, una intervención integral basada en una estrategia lúdica de educación en salud, más quimioterapia masiva en una zona rural de Colombia. Metodología: Diseño cuasi-experimental, realizado en La Virgen, Cundinamarca (Colombia). Toda la población escolar fue sometida a la estrategia educativa en salud, acompañada de tratamiento semestral con albendazol, entre finales del 2010 y mediados del 2013. La muestra analítica fue constituida por 119 niños (mediana= 11; Rango Intercuartílico = 8-13 años). Se evaluaron los cambios anuales en la presencia de geohelmintos usando pruebas no paramétricas para muestras relacionadas y modelos de regresión logística de efectos fijos. Resultados: En la medición basal, las prevalencias de los geohelmintos fueron: 22,28% (IC 95% 16,36%-28,20%) para Ascaris lumbricoides; 37,31% (IC 95% 30,42%-44,19%) para Trichuris trichiura y 13,47% (IC 95% 8,61%-18,33%) para Uncinaria sp. Para la medición final, estas prevalencias cayeron significativamente a 5,30% (IC 95% 1,68%-8,91%) para A. lumbricoides; 16,55% (IC 95% 10,56%-22,55%) para T. trichiura y 4,64% (IC95% 1,42%-8,03%) para Uncinaria sp. Conclusión: El presente estudio, pese a que no constituye una evaluación real de impacto, provee una experiencia aparentemente exitosa de implementación de una estrategia integral para el control de las geohelmintiasis, que podría servir como modelo para otras intervenciones en áreas rurales del país.

Introduction: Geohelminthiasis is an infection which is prevalent in developing countries, and primarily affects schoolchildren. Control strategies that combine massive chemotherapy with health education can produce significant reductions in this infection that are sustainable over time. This study implemented and evaluated a comprehensive intervention combining a health education strategy and massive chemotherapy in a rural zone in Colombia. Methodology: Quasi-experimental design performed in La Virgen, Cundinamarca (Colombia). The entire school population participated in the health education strategy, in conjunction with biannual treatments with albendazole, between late 2010 and the middle of 2013. The analytical sample consisted of 119 children (median = 11, interquartile range = 8-13 years of age). Yearly changes in the presence of geohelminthes were evaluated using non-parametric tests for related samples and fixed-effect logistic regression models. Results: Prevalences of geohelminthes at baseline were: 22,28% (CI 95% 16,36%-28,20%) for Ascaris lumbricoides; 37,31%( CI 95% 30,42%-44,19%) for Trichuris trichiura and 13,47% (CI 95% 8,61%-18,33%) for Uncinaria sp. The final measurements of these prevalences decreased to 5,30%(CI 95% 1,68%-8,91%) for A. lumbricoides; 16,55% (CI 95% 10,56%-22,55%) for T. trichiura and 4,64% (CI 95% 1,42%-8,03%) for Uncinaria sp. Conclusions: Although the present study does not constitute an actual impact evaluation, it provides an apparently successful experience with implementing a comprehensive strategy to control geohelminthiasis, which could serve as a model for other interventions in rural areas in the country.

[Helminth prevalence in a waste-water plant at El Rosal, Cundinamarca]. / Prevalencia de helmintos en la planta de aguas residuales del municipio El Rosal, Cundinamarca.

OBJECTIVE: Assessing helminth egg prevalence in sludge and raw and treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment system located in the village of El Rosal, Cundinamarca. METHODOLOGY: 30 wastewater and 10 sludge samples from the El Rosal plant were taken during a 10-week period. The sludge and water samples were processed according to the Bailinger and the official Mexican standard methodology, respectively. Egg viability was determined by the method described by Victórica & Galván and the Mexican official standard. RESULTS: Descriptive statistics were used for analysing data. 100 % of the untreated wastewater samples showed the presence of eggs and at least one viable helminth egg/litre was found in 90 % of them. 90 % of the treated wastewater samples were positive for the presence of eggs, finding that 70 % had at least one viable egg. All raw wastewater samples being dumped directly into the stream were positive for helminths; the same situation was found at the time of the viability test. All sludge samples were positive for helminths, finding that 100 % of these had at least one viable egg. CONCLUSION: Using this water for crop irrigation and using the sludge as fertiliser is a potential risk for public health. The sludge can only be used in forestry activities, as long as it does not come into contact with humans.

Paradoxical associations between soil-transmitted helminths and Plasmodium falciparum infection.

Evidence on the comorbidity between soil-transmitted helminth infections and malaria is scarce and divergent. This study explored the interactions between soil-transmitted helminth infections and uncomplicated falciparum malaria in an endemic area of Colombia. A paired case-control study matched by sex, age and location in Tierralta, Cordoba, was done between January and September 2010. The incident cases were 68 patients with falciparum malaria and 178 asymptomatic controls. A questionnaire was used to gather information on sociodemographic variables. Additionally physical examinations were carried out, stool samples were analysed for intestinal parasites and blood samples for Ig E concentrations. We found associations between infection with hookworm (OR: 4.21; 95% CI: 1.68-11.31) and Ascaris lumbricoides (OR 0.43; 95% CI: 0.18-1.04) and the occurrence of falciparum malaria. The effects of soil-transmitted helminths on the occurrence of malaria were found to be paradoxical. While hookworm is a risk factor, A. lumbricoides has a protective effect. The findings suggest that, in addition to the comorbidity, the presence of common determinants of soil-transmitted helminth infections and malaria could also exist. While the biological mechanisms involved are not clear, public health policies aimed at the control of their common social and environmental determinants are suggested.

[Differentiation of Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar using Gal/GalNAc-lectin and polymerase chain reaction]. / Diferenciación del complejo Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar mediante Gal/GalNAc-lectina y PCR en aislamientos colombianos.

BACKGROUND: Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are morphologically identical. However, the former is highly pathogenic and the latter is not. AIM: To differentiate Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar through ELISA and PCR techniques in Colombian isolates from feces. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Descriptive study of Colombian fecal samples from 53 males and 47 women, that were positive for the complex E. histolytica/E. dispar on light microscopy. Positive samples were cultured on Robinson medium to isolate trophozoites. The presence of specific Gal/ GalNAc-lectin was determined by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction in genomic DNA, using the combination of three nucleotides that recognize a variable region of 16S small subunit ribosomal RNA, generating a 166 base pair (bp) product for E. histolytica and 752 pb product for E. dispar. RESULTS: After verification, only eight of the 100 samples were positive for the complex E. histolytica/E. dispar and were cultivated. Isolates were obtained in six cultures, one corresponded to E. histolytica and six to E. dispar. CONCLUSIONS: The presence of E. histolytica/E. dispar complex was largely overestimated with light microscopy. In the few samples where isolates were obtained, the technique described differentiated between both strains.

Impacto de la ivermectina sobre las geohelmintiasis en el foco de oncocercosis en Colombia / The effect of ivermectin on geohelminth frequency (i.e. as used in the onchocerciasis control program in Colombia)

Objetivo: Evaluar el efecto de la ivermectina sobre la frecuencia de infección por geohelmintos en una población colombiana incluida en el Programa para la Eliminación de la Oncocercosis en las Américas. Métodos: Estudio de evaluación de impacto con enfoque longitudinal como punto referente inicial, la población de Naicioná (1996) y como control, sujetos de la misma población (2008). Para el enfoque transversal se usó como referente la población de Naicioná en 2008 y como control, sujetos de Dos Quebradas en 2008. El procesamiento de las muestras de materia fecal se hizo por Ritchie-Frick modificado. Resultados: Ascaris lumbricoides fue el parásito más frecuente 49,6 % (60/121; IC 95 %:37,8-63,8) en Naicioná y 47,4 % (36/76; IC 95 %: 33,2-65,6) en Dos Quebradas. El mayor efecto de la ivermectina en mayores de 5 años fue la disminución del riesgo de infección, para Trichiuris trichiura, de 86 % (IC95 %:74-93) en la evaluación longitudinal y 63 % (IC 95 %:24-82) en la evaluación transversal. La disminución en la frecuencia de Strongyloides stercoralis fue 93 % (IC 95 %: 45-99), en la evaluación longitudinal y 85 % (IC95 %:-031 - 99) en la evaluación transversal. Conclusiones: El uso de la ivermectina en el contexto del Programa para la Eliminación de la Oncocercosis en las Américas no es suficiente para el control de la morbilidad de todas las geohelmintiasis, se requiere de programas integrales que incluyan los componentes de educación y saneamiento básico.

Objective: Evaluating the effect of ivermectin on soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) infection frequency in a Colombian population included in the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA). Methods: This was an impact evaluation study which adopted a longitudinal approach using the population of Naicioná (1996) as baseline for comparison to people from the same population as controls (2008). The cross-sectional approach involved comparing the reference population of Naicioná (2008) to the population of Dos Quebradas (2008) used as controls. Fecal samples were processed by a modified Ritchie-Frick method. Results: Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequently found parasite in Naicioná (60/121; 49.6 %: 37.8-63.895%CI) and in Dos Quebradas (36/76; 47.4 %: 33.2-65.6 95 % CI). Ivermectin’s main effect on the population aged over 5 years was a decreased risk of Trichiuris trichiura infection in both longitudinal assessment (86 % reduction: 74-93 95 % CI) and cross-sectional assessment (63 %:24-82 95 % CI). A 93 % reduction (45-99 95 % CI) in Strongyloides stercoralis frequency was found in longitudinal assessment, compared to 85 % in cross-sectional assessment (-031-99 95 % CI). Conclusions: Ivermectin use in the OEPA is not sufficient for STH morbidity control. Integrated programs including education and basic sanitation are required.

Diferenciación del complejo Entamoeba histolytica/Entamoeba dispar mediante Gal/GalNAc-lectina y PCR en aislamientos colombianos / Differentiation of entamoeba histolytica from entamoeba dispar using Gal/GalNAc-lectin and polymerase chain reaction

Background: Entamoeba histolytica and Entamoeba dispar are morphologically identical. However, the former is highly pathogenic and the latter is not. Aim: To differentiate Entamoeba histolytica from Entamoeba dispar through ELISA and PCR techniques in Colombian isolates from feces. Material and Methods: Descriptive study of Colombian fecal samples from 53 males and 47 women, that were positive for the complex E. histolytica/E. dispar on light microscopy. Positive samples were cultured on Robinson medium to isolate trophozoites. The presence of specific Gal/ GalNAc-lectin was determined by ELISA and polymerase chain reaction in genomic DNA, using the combination of three nucleotides that recognize a variable region of 16S small subunit ribosomal RNA, generating a 166 base pair (bp) product for E. histolytica and 752 pb product for E. dispar. Results: After verification, only eight of the 100 samples were positive for the complex E. histolytica/E. dispar and were cultivated. Isolates were obtained in six cultures, one corresponded to E. histolytica and six to E. dispar. Conclusions: The presence of E. histolytica/E. dispar complex was largely overestimated with light microscopy. In the few samples where isolates were obtained, the technique described differentiated between both strains.

[The effect of ivermectin on geohelminth frequency (i.e. as used in the onchocerciasis control program in Colombia)]. / Impacto de la ivermectina sobre las geohelmintiasis en el foco de oncocercosis en Colombia.

OBJECTIVE: Evaluating the effect of ivermectin on soil-transmitted helminthes (STH) infection frequency in a Colombian population included in the Onchocerciasis Elimination Program for the Americas (OEPA). METHODS: This was an impact evaluation study which adopted a longitudinal approach using the population of Naicioná (1996) as baseline for comparison to people from the same population as controls (2008). The cross-sectional approach involved comparing the reference population of Naicioná (2008) to the population of Dos Quebradas (2008) used as controls. Fecal samples were processed by a modified Ritchie-Frick method. RESULTS: Ascaris lumbricoides was the most frequently found parasite in Naicioná (60/121; 49.6 %: 37.8-63.895%CI) and in Dos Quebradas (36/76; 47.4 %: 33.2-65.6 95 % CI). Ivermectin's main effect on the population aged over 5 years was a decreased risk of Trichiuris trichiura infection in both longitudinal assessment (86 % reduction: 74-93 95 % CI) and cross-sectional assessment (63 %:24-82 95 % CI). A 93 % reduction (45-99 95 % CI) in Strongyloides stercoralis frequency was found in longitudinal assessment, compared to 85 % in cross-sectional assessment (-031-99 95 % CI). CONCLUSIONS: Ivermectin use in the OEPA is not sufficient for STH morbidity control. Integrated programs including education and basic sanitation are required.

Prevalencia de helmintos en la planta de aguas residuales del municipio El Rosal, Cundinamarca / Helminth prevalence in a waste-water plant at El Rosal, Cundinamarca

Objetivo Determinar la prevalencia de huevos de helmintos en lodos, agua residual cruda y tratada, provenientes de un sistema de tratamiento de aguas residuales del municipio el Rosal, Cundinamarca. Metodología Se tomaron 30 muestras de agua residual, y 10 de lodos en la Planta El Rosal, durante 10 semanas. Las muestras de aguas y lodos se procesaron siguiendo los métodos de BAILENGER, y el método de la Norma Oficial Mexicana, respectivamente. La viabilidad de los huevos se determinó por el método de Victórica & Galván y la Norma Oficial Mexicana. Resultados Los datos fueron analizados con estadística descriptiva. El 100 % de las muestras de agua residual sin tratar evidenció presencia de huevos, encontrándose al menos un huevo viable de helminto/litro en el 90 % de las mismas. El 90 % de las aguas residuales tratadas fueron positivas para la presencia de huevos, encontrándose que el 70 % presentaba al menos 1 huevo viable. Todas las muestras de agua residual cruda que se vierten directamente a la quebrada, fueron positivas a helmintos, igual situación se encontró al momento de realizar la prueba de viabilidad. Todos los lodos fueron positivos para helmintos, encontrándose que en el 100 % de estos, al menos un huevo fue viable. Conclusión El uso de estas aguas para riego de hortalizas, y el uso de estos lodos como abono, representa un riesgo potencial para la salud pública. Los lodos solo pueden ser usados en actividades forestales, siempre y cuando no estén en contacto con humanos.

Objective Assessing helminth egg prevalence in sludge and raw and treated wastewater from a wastewater treatment system located in the village of El Rosal, Cundinamarca. Methodology 30 wastewater and 10 sludge samples from the El Rosal plant were taken during a 10-week period. The sludge and water samples were processed according to the Bailinger and the official Mexican standard methodology, respectively. Egg viability was determined by the method described by Victórica & Galván and the Mexican official standard. Results Descriptive statistics were used for analysing data. 100 % of the untreated wastewater samples showed the presence of eggs and at least one viable helminth egg/litre was found in 90 % of them. 90 % of the treated wastewater samples were positive for the presence of eggs, finding that 70 % had at least one viable egg. All raw wastewater samples being dumped directly into the stream were positive for helminths; the same situation was found at the time of the viability test. All sludge samples were positive for helminths, finding that 100 % of these had at least one viable egg. Conclusion Using this water for crop irrigation and using the sludge as fertiliser is a potential risk for public health. The sludge can only be used in forestry activities, as long as it does not come into contact with humans.

Estudio comparativo de pruebas serológicas para el diagnóstico de la leishmaniasis visceral canina: nota técnica / Comparative study of serological test for the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis: technical note

El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en comparar la concordancia entre los resultados obtenidos por las técnicas IFI, ELISA y Western Blot en 72 sueros caninos procedentes de siete municipios de la zona endémica de leishmaniasis visceral zoonótica (LVZ) del departamento del Tolima (Colombia). Se utilizó como antígeno la cepa colombiana de Leishmania infantum MHOM/CO/CL044B para IFI, ELISA y WB, y el antígeno rK39 para una prueba de ELISA disponible comercialmente. Se encontró que la concordancia entre las diferentes técnicas comparadas fue menor del 16 por ciento (k<16 por ciento), lo que sugiere que las pruebas no son consistentes y por lo tanto, no son aceptables como método de diagnóstico en el presente estudio. La baja asociación de las pruebas serológicas utilizadas en el diagnóstico de L. infantum sugiere que es necesario desarrollar estudios que permitan establecer un algoritmo de pruebas diagnósticas en el país para confirmar el estado real de la infección en los animales y de esta forma orientar eficientemente los recursos de salud pública destinados para el control de la enfermedad.

The goal of present study was to compare the agreement between the results obtained by ELISA, IFI and WB tests in 72 canine serums from the South of the Tolima Department (a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area). The Colombian Leishmania infantum MHOM/CO/CL044B strain was used as antigen for ELISA, IFI and WB test, and the rK39 antigen for the commercial ELISA test. The agreement among the compared techniques was smaller than 16 percent (k<16 percent), suggesting that the tests are not consistent and therefore not acceptable as a diagnostic tool in this study. The low association between the serological tests used in diagnosing Leishmania infantum suggested the need for further studies aimed at establishing an algorithm for diagnostic tests in Colombia for confirming the real state of the animals´ infection and thereby efficiently orientating public health resources allocated for controlling visceral leishmaniasis.

Búsqueda activa de casos de leishmaniasis visceral zoonótica en población infantil indígena y canina colombiana / An active search for cases of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in indigenous Colombian children and the canine population

Objetivos Realizar la búsqueda activa de casos humanos y caninos de leishmaniasis visceral zoonótica (LVZ) mediante la determinación de anticuerpos IgG contra Leishmania infantum por la técnica de Inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFAT) en una zona endémica colombiana y evaluar factores de riesgo relacionados con la presentación de la enfermedad. Métodos Un total de 580 niños indígenas menores de cinco años y 270 perros criollos localizados en cinco veredas del municipio de Coyaima (Tolima), fueron evaluaos por medio de la determinación de anticuerpos, usando como antígeno la cepa colombiana de Leishmania infantum (infantum) MHOM/COL/CL044B. Así mismo, se aplicó una encuesta a 527 viviendas del área de estudio para evaluar factores de riesgo y medidas de protección. Resultados No se presentó seroreactividad de la población infantil ante antígenos totales de L. infantum por la prueba IFAT. La frecuencia de anticuerpos anti IgG contra L. infantum en caninos fue del 31,5 por ciento (185/270). Se detectaron deficiencias en las condiciones de saneamiento básico de las viviendas. Se evidenció el uso de toldillos impregnados con insecticidas en el 48 por ciento (130/270) de las viviendas, pobre conocimiento de la enfermedad y baja demanda de los servicios médicos tradicio-nales (45,1 por ciento). Conclusiones Teniendo en cuenta la importancia de los caninos en el ciclo de transmisión de la LVZ es necesario fortalecer las medidas de control para interrumpir la cadena de transmisión reservorio-vector-humano, evaluar las estrategias de pro-moción en hábitos protectores desarrolladas por las autoridades sanitarias y mejorar las condiciones de vida y ambientales de la población susceptible.

Objectives Carrying out an active search for cases of canine and human zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (LVZ) by determining IgG antibodies against Leishmania infantum by indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) and assessing the risk factors associated with the disease occurring in a Colombian endemic area. Methods 580 indigenous children aged less than five and 270 cross-bred dogs from 5 rural areas near the town of Coyaima (Tolima) were evaluated by determining their antibodies using the Colombian Leishmania infantum (infantum) MOHOM/ COL/CLO44B strain as antigen. 527 households in the area were sur-veyed to assess the risk factors and protective measures being taken. Results No sero reactivity to Leishmania infantum antigens by IFAT test was observed in the child population. Leishmania infantum antibodies were observed in 68.5 percent of the dogs (185/270). The survey found deficiencies in the housing's sanitary conditions. The use of in-secticide-impregnated bed-nets was evident in 48 percent (130/270) of the dwellings, as were poor knowledge of the disease and a low demand for traditional medical services (41.5 percent). Conclusions Control measures must be strengthened for interrupting the reservoir- vector-human transmission chain, evaluating health authorities' strategies for promoting protective habits and improving living conditions and the susceptible population's envi-ronment.

[An active search for cases of zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis in indigenous Colombian children and the canine population]. / Búsqueda activa de casos de leishmaniasis visceral zoonótica en población infantil indígena y canina colombiana.

OBJECTIVES: Carrying out an active search for cases of canine and human zoonotic visceral leishmaniasis (LVZ) by determining IgG antibodies against Leishmania infantum by indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) and assessing the risk factors associated with the disease occurring in a Colombian endemic area. METHODS: 580 indigenous children aged less than five and 270 cross-bred dogs from 5 rural areas near the town of Coyaima (Tolima) were evaluated by determining their antibodies using the Colombian Leishmania infantum (infantum) MOHOM/ COL/CLO44B strain as antigen. 527 households in the area were surveyed to assess the risk factors and protective measures being taken. RESULTS: No sero reactivity to Leishmania infantum antigens by IFAT test was observed in the child population. Leishmania infantum antibodies were observed in 68.5 % of the dogs (185/270). The survey found deficiencies in the housing's sanitary conditions. The use of insecticide-impregnated bed-nets was evident in 48 % (130/270) of the dwellings, as were poor knowledge of the disease and a low demand for traditional medical services (41.5 %). CONCLUSIONS: Control measures must be strengthened for interrupting the reservoir-vector-human transmission chain, evaluating health authorities' strategies for promoting protective habits and improving living conditions and the susceptible population's environment.

Leishmaniasis Visceral Canina: pruebas diagnósticas no identifican Estados Reales de la infección / Canine Visceral Leishmaniasis: diagnostic tests do not detect real state of the infection

Objetivos Establecer la capacidad de las pruebas serológicas de Inmunofluorescencia indirecta (IFAT) e Inmunoensayo ligado a enzimas (ELISA), para detectar el estado real de la infección en leishmaniasis visceral canina (LVC). Métodos Un total de 211 perros criollos localizados en el sur del Departamento del Tolima, zona endémica para la leishmaniasis visceral, fueron evaluados por medio de examen clínico y serológico, usando como antígeno la cepa colombiana de Leishmania infantum (infantum) MHOM/COL/CL044B. Así mismo, con la finalidad de establecer reacciones cruzadas o coinfecciones, se evaluó la reactividad de los sueros ante antígenos específicos de Trypanosoma cruzi, por medio de la prueba Western Blot (WB). La frecuencia de LVC fue del 44,1 por ciento (93/211) y 50,2 por ciento (103/211) mediante IFAT y ELISA respectivamente. Resultados La seroreactividad ante antígenos específicos de T. cruzi fue del 1,42 por ciento (3/211). La concordancia de las técnicas serológicas fue baja (K=12,1 por ciento) y a pesar de la presencia de signos clínicos en los animales evaluados, las razones de prevalencia halladas, demostraron que no hay asociación entre la ocurrencia de las manifestaciones clínicas y la seropositividad a las pruebas diagnósticas. Conclusiones La baja asociación de las pruebas serológicas utilizadas en el diagnóstico de Leishmania infantum, sugiere que es necesario desarrollar estudios que permitan establecer un algoritmo de pruebas diagnósticas en el país para confirmar el estado real de la infección de los animales y de esta forma orientar eficientemente los recursos de Salud Pública destinados al control de la enfermedad.

Objectives Establishing indirect immunofluorescence (IFAT) and enzyme-inked immunoassay (ELISA) serological tests' ability to detect canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) infection. Methods 211 cross-bred dogs from the south of the Tolima department (a visceral leishmaniasis endemic area) were evaluated by clinical and serological exams, using the Colombian Leishmania infantum (infantum) MHOM/COL/CL044B strain as antigen. Sera reactivity to Trypanosoma cruzi- specífic antigens was evaluated by Western blot (WB) for establishing crossed-reactions or coinfections. CVL frequency was 44 ,1 percent (93/211) by IFAT and 50,2 percent (103/211) by ELISA. Results Seroreactivity to T. cruzi-specific antigens was 1 ,42 percent (3/211). Agreement between the serological techniques was low (K=12 ,1 percent) and, in spite of clinical signs being present in the animals being evaluated, the prevalence ratios found demonstrated the lack of association between the occurrence of the clinical manifestations and the diagnostic tests' seropositivity. Conclusions The low association between the serological tests used in diagnosing Leishmania infantum suggested the need for further studies aimed at establishing an algorithm for diagnostic tests in Colombia for confirming the real state of the animals' infection and thereby efficiently orientating public health resources allocated for controlling canine visceral leishmaniasis.

[Soil-transmitted helminth trends and prevalence in La Virgen, Colombia 1995-2005]. / Tendencia y Prevalencia de las Geohelmintiasis en La Virgen, Colombia 1995-2005.

OBJECTIVE: Describing soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence and trends in children aged less than 15 in the village of La Virgen, Cundinamarca. METHODS: Three non-random surveys were carried out on school-children aged 0 to 15 years. Intestinal parasitism was determined In the three cross-sectional studies by direct examination of fecal samples and modified Ritchie-Frick concentration method. Intestinal parasitism distribution was analysed and the trend during 1995-2005 described. RESULTS: The prevalence of intestinal parasitism in children aged less than 5 increased from 62,5 % in 1995 to 66,7 % in 2001 and to 69 % in 2005; soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence in this age group was 37,5 % in 1995, 23,6 % in 2001 and 27,6 % in 2005. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism for children aged over 5 increased from 86,2 % in 1995 to 89,1 % in 2005; soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence was 62,9 % in 1995, 39,8 % in 2001 and 23,9 % in 2005. CONCLUSIONS: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis was endemic and presented high prevalence during the study period. Effective control measures are needed to prevent intestinal parasitism in pre-school and schoolchildren.

Tendencia y Prevalencia de las Geohelmintiasis en La Virgen, Colombia 1995-2005 / Soil-transmitted helminth trends and prevalence in La Virgen, Colombia 1995-2005

Objetivos:Describir la tendencia de la prevalencia de las geohelmintiasis en los menores de 15 años en La Virgen, Cundinamarca desde 1995 al 2005. Métodos:Se realizaron tres muestras no aleatorias de escolares entre 0 y 15 años de edad, en los años 1995, 2001 y 2005. En los tres cortes se midió la infección por parásitos intestinales mediante examen directo y la técnica de concentración de Ritchie-Frick modificado. Se analizó la distribución del parasitismo intestinal y se describió la tendencia desde 1995 hasta el 2005. Resultados:La prevalencia del parasitismo intestinal en los menores de 5 años pasó de 62,5 por ciento en 1995 a 69,0 por ciento en el 2005; la geohelmintiasis en este grupo de edad era de 37,5 por ciento en 1995, 23,6 por ciento en el 2001 y 27,6 por ciento en el 2005. Para los mayores de 5 años, la prevalencia de parasitismo intestinal pasó de 86,2 por ciento en 1995 a 89,1 por ciento el 2005 y para las geohelmintiasis de 62,9 por ciento en 1995, 39,8 por ciento en el 2001 y 23,9 por ciento en el 2005. Conclusiones: Se encontró que en esta región las geohelmintiasis son endemicas y presentan prevalencias altas en el periodo de estudio. Se insiste en la necesidad de diseñar medidas efectivas de control para todos los niños en edad preescolar y escolar.

Objective:Describing soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence and trends in children aged less than 15 in the village of La Virgen, Cundinamarca. Methods:Three non-random surveys were carried out on school-children aged 0 to 15 years. Intestinal parasitism was determined In the three cross-sectional studies by direct examination of fecal samples and modified Ritchie-Frick concentration method. Intestinal parasitism distribution was analysed and the trend during 1995-2005 described. Results:The prevalence of intestinal parasitism in children aged less than 5 increased from 62,5 percent in 1995 to 66,7 percent in 2001 and to 69 percent in 2005; soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence in this age group was 37,5 percent in 1995, 23,6 percent in 2001 and 27,6 percent in 2005. The prevalence of intestinal parasitism for children aged over 5 increased from 86,2 percent in 1995 to 89,1 percent in 2005; soil-transmitted helminthiasis prevalence was 62,9 percent in 1995, 39,8 percent in 2001 and 23,9 percent in 2005. Conclusions: Soil-transmitted helminthiasis was endemic and presented high prevalence during the study period. Effective control measures are needed to prevent intestinal parasitism in pre-school and schoolchildren.

Inmunología del absceso hepático amebiano / Immunology of the amebic liver abscess

La infección por el parásito Entamoeba histolytica es causa de disentería y absceso hepático amebianos, enfermedades asociadas con alta morbi-mortalidad. En el caso de la amebiosis hepática, el papel de la inmunidad humoral en la protección no ha sido del todo establecido pero tiene importancia en estudios seroepidemiológicos y métodos diagnósticos. La inmunidad celular es importante para el control de la infección y desarrollo de inmunidad protectora luego de amebiosis invasiva. Las técnicas de genética molecular y los nuevos modelos de experimentación han enseñado mucho acerca de la patogénesis de la amebiosis, su entendimiento adecuado junto con el conocimiento de la biología molecular y genética del parásito y los mecanismos inmunes del huésped permitirá no sólo el desarrollo de nuevas opciones diagnósticas y de tratamiento sino también de una vacuna efectiva y segura para eliminar la enfermedad.(AU)

Infection by the parasite Entamoeba histolytica causes amebic dysentery and amebic liver abscess, diseases associated with a high morbidity and mortality. In the case of amebic liver infection, the role of humoral immunity in protection has not been well established but it is important in seroidemiological studies and for diagnostic methods. Cellular immunity is important for the control of infection and the development of protective immunity after an invasive infection. Molecular genetic techniques and new experimental models have increased the knowledge on the pathogenesis of amebiasis. Its adequate understanding, together with the knowledge on the molecular biology and genetics of the parasite and of the host's immune mechanisms will allow the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic tools as well as the development of an effective and safe vaccine for eliminating the disease.(AU)

[Frequency of E. vermicularis in a rural school population of Quipile, Colombia, 2001]. / Frecuencia de E. vermicularis en una población escolar rural de Quipile, Colombia, 2001.

OBJECTIVES: To study the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis infection in children aged 3 to 14 years in a rural zone of the town of Quipile, Colombia. METHODS: 159 children from 14 villages, with a homogeneous distribution according to their degree of scholarity, were studied. The detection of Enterobius vermicularis eggs was done by the Graham method. The design was a cross-sectional descriptive study, for which a convenience non-probabilistic sampling was carried out. Fisher's exact test and chi 2 were performed for data analysis. Multivariate analysis by multiple correspondence was also carried out. RESULTS: 2.5% of the children were found to be infected with E. vermicularis and 5% with Ascaris lumbricoides. This frequency is low when compared to reports from other authors; one of the possible causes is the sampling method used. CONCLUSIONS: Deficient sanitation conditions of the population studied as well as the low frequency of anal hygiene practices may represent behavioural risk factors which favour the transmission of this helminth.

Prevalencia de leishmaniasis visceral canina en municipios de Huila - Colombia / Prevalence of canine visceral leishmaniasis in municipalities of Huila, Colombia

Con el propósito de establecer la prevalencia de leishmaniasis canina se efectuó un estudio descriptivo en 307 caninos, ubicados en 17 veredas de los municipios de Neiva, Tello y Algeciras, a los cuales se les practicó examen clínico, punción y aspiración del ganglio linfático poplíteo para extendido y coloración en lámina; toma de sangre completa por venopunción para análisis mediante la técnica de inmunofluorescencia indirecta. La población canina estuvo conformada por perros mestizos con edad promedio de tres años: el 30,6/100 fueron hembras y el 69,4/100 machos. En el examen físico de los caninos se observó enflaquecimiento, 31/100; onicogrifosis, 29.3/100; linfadenitis de ganglio popliteo 3,2/100; areas alopécicas 21,8/100; lesiones eritematosas 11,5/100 y úlceras cutáneas 3,3/100. El 1,4/100 de los caninos analizados presentaron amastigotes en el aspirado y el 17,2/100 fueron seropositivos. La prevalencia de anticuerpos contra L.chagasi es alta comparada con otros estudios realizados en colombia y otros paises, corroborando la endemicidad de la enfermedad en el área. Por consiguiente, es necesario fortalecer las estrategias de vigilancia epidemiológica y la búsqueda activa de casos humanos.

Toxoplasmosis adquirida durante el embarazo, en el Instituto Materno Infantil en Bogotá / Acquired toxoplasmosis during pregnancy at the Instituto Materno-Infantil, Bogota

La frecuencia de la toxoplasmosis adquirida durante el embarazo, en Bogotá no se conoce con precisión. El Instituto Materno Infantil de la ciudad atiende una población de alto riesgo obstétrico y estrato socioeconómico bajo. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo determinar la frecuencia de madres con marcadores serológicos de infección reciente (IgM e IgA anti-Toxoplasma), que indican riesgo de transmisión congénita, con el fin de estimar la magnitud del problema en las gestantes del IMI. Durante el periodo de julio a diciembre de 1998 se recolectaron 637 muestras de suero de todas las pacientes que consultaban el programa de control prenatal del IMI. Todos los sueros de las gestantes se estudiaron por la técnica IFI-IgG anti-Toxoplasma y aquellas con resultados iguales o superiores a 1:1024 fueron estudiadas por la técnica ISAgA para IgM e IgA anti-Toxoplasma. En total 301 sueros fueron reactivos por IFI-IgG (47/100), 92 tuvieron títulos iguales o superiores a 1:1024. De estos últimos, 14 presentaron pruebas IgM e IgA anti-Toxoplasma positivas, lo que significa que 2,2/100 cumplen criterios de toxoplasmosis reciente. Estos resultados contrastan con reportes previos realizados en otras poblaciones de gestantes de Bogotá y justifican la realización de programas específicos de control.